GAF Domains: TwoBillionYearOld Molecular Switches that Bind Cyclic Nucleotides
Mol. Interv. 2002 2: 317-323.
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The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP bind to and regulate a vast variety of proteins including phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which act to terminate signaling. PDEs are thus important drug targets, a fact underscored by the success of Viagra(R). A key to the design of new PDE-targeting drugs may lie in an age-old trickabout two billion years old, to be precise. Specific protein motifsthe GAF domainshave evolved in mammals as well as cyanobacteria, and bind cyclic nucleotides to regulate a broad array of proteins. A newly described crystallographic structure gives us the first glimpse into the binding of a cyclic nucleotide to a GAF motif from a PDE, and provides important insights regarding the regulatory binding (as opposed to substrate binding) of cGMP.