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Twenty Years of Calcium Imaging: Cell Physiology to Dye For

¹ Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Division of Cardiology College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
² Department of Pharmacology and Therepeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
³ Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD
⁴ Institue of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
⁵ Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
⁶ The Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

The use of fluorescent dyes over the past two decades has led to a revolution in our understanding of calcium signaling. Given the ubiquitous role of Ca²⁺ in signal transduction at the most fundamental levels of molecular, cellular, and organismal biology, it has been challenging to understand how the specificity and versatility of Ca²⁺ signaling is accomplished. In excitable cells, the coordination of changing Ca²⁺ concentrations at global (cellular) and well-defined subcellular spaces through the course of membrane depolarization can now be conceptualized in the context of disease processes such as cardiac arrhythmogenesis. The spatial and temporal dimensions of Ca²⁺ signaling are similarly important in non-excitable cells, such as endothelial and epithelial cells, to regulate multiple signaling pathways that participate in organ homeostasis as well as cellular organization and essential secretory processes.